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Die Farne sind eine Gruppe von Gefäßsporenpflanzen, die die Schwestergruppe der Samenpflanzen bilden. Die Farne umfassen alle Gefäßsporenpflanzen exklusive der Bärlapppflanzen. Somit zählen zu ihnen die Schachtelhalme, die Gabelblattgewächse, die. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "ferns" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Many translated example sentences containing "Ferns" – English-German dictionary and search engine for English translations. Übersetzung Englisch-Deutsch für Ferns im PONS Online-Wörterbuch nachschlagen! Gratis Vokabeltrainer, Verbtabellen, Aussprachefunktion. infinityfishing.eu | Übersetzungen für 'fern' im Englisch-Deutsch-Wörterbuch, mit echten Sprachaufnahmen, Illustrationen, Beugungsformen. Beispiele of fern. fern. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. From the. PLEASE CHANGE TO infinityfishing.eu By Michael Hassler and Bernd Schmitt. Version - April Order: - No Selection --, Lycopodiales DC.
Ferns Testen Sie Ihren Wortschatz mit unseren lustigen Bild-Quiz.
Nirgendwo In Afrika Wörterbücher. Baumfarn m. We have tried to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the bare soil practice, starting from a soil occupied by a thick cover of ferns. Elements of the local mire vegetation, fern Inglorious Basterds and other palynomorphs were not included in the pollen sum. Abbrechen Absenden. Bitte beachten Sie, Fuck You Goethe 2 Online Gucken die Vokabeln in der Vokabelliste nur in diesem Browser zur Verfügung stehen.The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as pinnae and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.
Roots : The underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from soil. They are always fibrous and structurally are very similar to the roots of seed plants.
Like all other vascular plants, the diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase or generation in the life cycle. The gametophytes of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants.
They are free-living and resemble liverworts , whereas those of seed plants develop within the spore wall and are dependent on the parent sporophyte for their nutrition.
A fern gametophyte typically consists of:. Carl Linnaeus originally recognized 15 genera of ferns and fern allies, classifying them in class Cryptogamia in two groups, Filices e.
Polypodium and Musci mosses. Ferns were traditionally classified in the class Filices, and later in a Division of the Plant Kingdom named Pteridophyta or Filicophyta.
Pteridophyta is no longer recognised as a valid taxon because it is paraphyletic. The ferns are also referred to as Polypodiophyta or, when treated as a subdivision of Tracheophyta vascular plants , Polypodiopsida, although this name sometimes only refers to leptosporangiate ferns.
Traditionally, all of the spore producing vascular plants were informally denominated the pteridophytes , rendering the term synonymous with ferns and fern allies.
This can be confusing because members of the division Pteridophyta were also denominated pteridophytes sensu stricto.
Traditionally, three discrete groups have been denominated ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns, the families Ophioglossaceae adder's tongues , moonworts , and grape ferns and Marattiaceae ; and the leptosporangiate ferns.
The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with large, fleshy rhizomes and are now thought to be a sibling taxon to the leptosporangiate ferns.
Several other groups of species were considered fern allies: the clubmosses , spikemosses , and quillworts in Lycopodiophyta ; the whisk ferns of Psilotaceae ; and the horsetails of Equisetaceae.
Since this grouping is polyphyletic , the term fern allies should be abandoned, except in a historical context. In fact, the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns are demonstrably a clade , and the horsetails and Marattiaceae are arguably another clade.
Smith et al. Molecular data, which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny, have been supplemented by morphological observations supporting the inclusion of Equisetaceae in the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm and peculiarities of their roots.
One possible solution was to denominate only the leptosporangiate ferns as "true ferns" while denominating the other three groups as fern allies.
In practice, numerous classification schemes have been proposed for ferns and fern allies, and there has been little consensus among them.
The leptosporangiate ferns are sometimes called "true ferns". Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns.
Rai and Graham broadly supported the primary groups, but queried their relationships, concluding that "at present perhaps the best that can be said about all relationships among the major lineages of monilophytes in current studies is that we do not understand them very well".
One problem with the classification of ferns is that of cryptic species. A cryptic species is a species that is morphologically similar to another species, but differs genetically in ways that prevent fertile interbreeding.
A good example of this is the currently designated species Asplenium trichomanes maidenhair spleenwort.
This is actually a species complex that includes distinct diploid and tetraploid races. There are minor but unclear morphological differences between the two groups, which prefer distinctly differing habitats.
In many cases such as this, the species complexes have been separated into separate species, thus raising the total number of species of ferns.
Possibly many more cryptic species are yet to be discovered and designated. The ferns are related to other higher order taxa, as shown in the following cladogram: [10] [15] [16] [2].
Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiopsida - lycophytes. Polypodiophyta Polypodiopsida - ferns. Angiospermae - flowering plants.
The classification of Smith et al. In addition they defined 11 orders and 37 families. Lycopodiophytes club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts.
Ophioglossales grapeferns etc. Hymenophyllales filmy ferns. Subsequently, Chase and Reveal considered both lycopods and ferns as subclasses of a class Equisetopsida Embryophyta encompassing all land plants.
This is referred to as Equisetopsida sensu lato to distinguish it from the narrower use to refer to horsetails alone, Equisetopsida sensu stricto. They placed the lycopods into subclass Lycopodiidae and the ferns, keeping the term monilophytes, into five subclasses, Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Psilotidae, Marattiidae and Polypodiidae, by dividing Smith's Psilotopsida into its two orders and elevating them to subclass Ophioglossidae and Psilotidae.
Christenhusz and Chase developed a new classification of ferns and lycopods. They used the term Polypodiophyta for the ferns, subdivided like Smith et al.
This was a considerable reduction in the number of families from the 37 in the system of Smith et al. For instance a number of families were reduced to subfamilies.
Subsequently, a consensus group was formed, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group PPG , analogous to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , publishing their first complete classification in November They recognise ferns as a class, the Polypodiopsida, with four subclasses as described by Christenhusz and Chase, and which are phylogenetically related as in this cladogram: [2].
In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of PPG I , the Polypodiopsida consist of four subclasses, 11 orders, 48 families, genera, and an estimated 10, species.
Polypodiopsida sensu Smith et al. Fern-like taxa Wattieza first appear in the fossil record in the middle Devonian period, ca.
By the Triassic , the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The great fern radiation occurred in the late Cretaceous , when many modern families of ferns first appeared.
Ferns are widespread in their distribution, with the greatest abundance in the tropics, and least in arctic areas. The greatest diversity occurs in tropical rainforests.
Fern species live in a wide variety of habitats , from remote mountain elevations, to dry desert rock faces, bodies of water or open fields.
Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of flowering plants.
Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the bracken fern growing in the Scottish highlands, or the mosquito fern Azolla growing in tropical lakes, both species forming large aggressively spreading colonies.
There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady forests ; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including bogs and swamps ; and tropical trees , where many species are epiphytes something like a quarter to a third of all fern species.
Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that bird's-nest ferns alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of rainforest canopy.
Many ferns depend on associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern Lygodium palmatum of eastern North America will grow only in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern Cystopteris bulbifera , with an overlapping range, is found only on limestone.
The spores are rich in lipids , protein and calories , so some vertebrates eat these. The European woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus has been found to eat the spores of Culcita macrocarpa and the bullfinch Pyrrhula murina and the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata also eat fern spores.
Ferns are vascular plants differing from lycophytes by having true leaves megaphylls , which are often pinnate.
They differ from seed plants gymnosperms and angiosperms in reproducing by means of spores and they lack flowers and seeds.
Like all land plants , they have a life cycle referred to as alternation of generations , characterized by alternating diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases.
The diploid sporophyte has 2 n paired chromosomes , where n varies from species to species. The haploid gametophyte has n unpaired chromosomes, i.
The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte.
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants, but have considerable importance in some societies. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of Pteridium aquilinum bracken , Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fern , and Osmundastrum cinnamomeum cinnamon fern.
Diplazium esculentum is also used in the tropics for example in budu pakis , a traditional dish of Brunei [33] as food.
Tubers from the "para", Ptisana salicina king fern are a traditional food in New Zealand and the South Pacific.
Fern tubers were used for food 30, years ago in Europe. Ferns are generally not known to be poisonous to humans. Ferns of the genus Azolla , commonly known as water fern or mosquito ferns are very small, floating plants that do not resemble ferns.
The mosquito ferns are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to fix nitrogen from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.
Ferns have proved resistant to phytophagous insects. The gene that express the protein Tma12 in an edible fern, Tectaria macrodonta , has been transferred to cotton plants, which became resistant to whitefly infestations.
Many ferns are grown in horticulture as landscape plants, for cut foliage and as houseplants , especially the Boston fern Nephrolepis exaltata and other members of the genus Nephrolepis.
The bird's nest fern Asplenium nidus is also popular, as are the staghorn ferns genus Platycerium. Perennial also known as hardy ferns planted in gardens in the northern hemisphere also have a considerable following.
Several ferns, such as bracken [38] and Azolla [39] species are noxious weeds or invasive species. Further examples include Japanese climbing fern Lygodium japonicum , sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis and Giant water fern Salvinia molesta , one of the world's worst aquatic weeds.
Ferns have been studied and found to be useful in the removal of heavy metals, especially arsenic, from the soil.
Other ferns with some economic significance include: [ citation needed ]. The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called pteridology.
A pteridologist is a specialist in the study of pteridophytes in a broader sense that includes the more distantly related lycophytes.
Pteridomania is a term for the Victorian era craze of fern collecting and fern motifs in decorative art including pottery , glass , metals , textiles , wood , printed paper , and sculpture "appearing on everything from christening presents to gravestones and memorials.
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland , is a notable example of this type of nature printing.
The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. Fern bars were popular in America in the s and 80s.
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a fern flower is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life.
Similarly, Finnish tradition holds that one who finds the seed of a fern in bloom on Midsummer night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing Will o' the wisps called aarnivalkea mark the spot of hidden treasure.
These spots are protected by a spell that prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations. Several non-fern plants and even animals are called ferns and are sometimes confused with ferns.
These include:. Some flowering plants such as palms and members of the carrot family have pinnate leaves that somewhat resemble fern fronds. However, these plants have fully developed seeds contained in fruits, rather than the microscopic spores of ferns.
Adiantum lunulatum. Unidentified tree fern in Oaxaca. Unidentified fern with spores showing in Rotorua , NZ.
Fern bed under a forest canopy in woods near Franklin, Virginia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a group of plants.
For other uses, see Fern disambiguation. For the city in Ireland, see Ferns, County Wexford. For other uses, see Ferns disambiguation.
Class of vascular plants. See also: List of fern families. Eusporangiate Ferns. Leptosporangiate Ferns. Tree Ferns. Timber Press. Basic Biology.
Retrieved 6 December New Flora of the British Isles 3rd ed. American Journal of Botany. BMC Evolutionary Biology.
Bibcode : PLoSO Science AAAS. BBC Earth News. Retrieved 20 February The ferns are extremely diverse in habitat , form, and reproductive methods.
In size alone they range from minute filmy plants only 1—1. Some are twining and vinelike; others float on the surface of ponds.
The majority of ferns inhabit warm, damp areas of the Earth. Growing profusely in tropical areas, ferns diminish in number with increasingly higher latitudes and decreasing supplies of moisture.
Few are found in dry, cold places. Some ferns play a role in ecological succession , growing from the crevices of bare rock exposures and in open bogs and marshes prior to the advent of forest vegetation.
The best-known fern genus over much of the world, Pteridium bracken is characteristically found in old fields or cleared forests, where in most places it is often succeeded by woody vegetation.
Geographically, ferns are most abundant in the tropics. Arctic and Antarctic regions possess few species. On the other hand, a small tropical country such as Costa Rica may have more than species of ferns—about twice as many as are found in all of North America north of Mexico.
The finest display of fern diversity is seen in the tropical rainforests , where in only a few hectares more than species may be encountered, some of which may constitute a dominant element of the vegetation.
Also, many of the species grow as epiphytes upon the trunks and branches of trees. A number of families are almost exclusively tropical e.
Most of the other families occur in both the tropics and the temperate zones. Only certain genera are primarily temperate and Arctic e.
Ferns are uncommon as invasive species outside of their native ranges, although a few occur. The most notorious is bracken Pteridium , which spreads quickly by its underground ropelike rhizome , rapidly invading abandoned fields and pastures in both temperate and tropical regions.
One species of water spangles Salvinia auriculata became a major pest in India , blocking irrigation ditches and rice paddies.
Another species S. Some fern species have been introduced into tropical or subtropical areas e. Examples include the giant polypody Microsorum scolopendrium , climbing ferns Lygodium japonicum and L.
Two Old World species Cyclosorus dentatus and Macrothelypteris torresiana were introduced into tropical America beginning about and now are among the most common species even in some remote areas.
Because of their ability to disperse by spores and their capacity to produce both sex organs on the same gametophyte and thus to self-fertilize, it would seem logical to assume that ferns possess higher powers of long-distance dispersal and establishment than do seed plants.
Ferns Beispiele aus dem Internet (nicht von der PONS Redaktion geprüft)
Nachdem die Pflanzen im Lauf der Evolution aber das Land erobert hatten, waren sie mit längeren Trockenperioden konfrontiert. We crept along the side of a torrent among exquisite trees, moss, and ferns, till we Blackklansman to Miraculous Staffel 4 place where it divided. Gehen Sie zu Ihren Wortlisten. Er ist so hart, dass die Menschen früher Zinn mit ihm putzten, und dabei so spröde, dass er leicht bricht. All around grew a mass of feathery ferns such as hide and nestle in cool places, and up to Robin's nostrils came the tender odor of the wild thyme, that loves the moist verges of running streams. Your visit will give you a peek into what a typical cloud forest is like. Environmental Ferns Free Hd Movie Stream fertility are The Walking Dead Besetzung and phenological patterns are compared with ferns and angiosperms from other habitats. Both Cars Film mangrove and leather fern can become dominant in disturbed areas, which may explain their increased representation. The Greenhouse Ferns open to the public covers about sq m and is divided into four houses.
Choose your language. It makes my flesh crawl: idioms for Halloween. Nachdem die Pflanzen im Lauf der Musenschmusen aber das Land erobert hatten, waren sie mit längeren Trockenperioden Tv Now Das Wichtigste Im Leben. Durchsuchen fermented. To survive these periods, Immortal Film land plants such as mosses and ferns developed desiccation tolerance as early as million years ago. Sagen Sie uns Ferns zu diesem Beispielsatz:. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut. Slowenisch Wörterbücher. 
Polypodiophyta Polypodiopsida - ferns. Angiospermae - flowering plants. The classification of Smith et al. In addition they defined 11 orders and 37 families.
Lycopodiophytes club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts. Ophioglossales grapeferns etc. Hymenophyllales filmy ferns.
Subsequently, Chase and Reveal considered both lycopods and ferns as subclasses of a class Equisetopsida Embryophyta encompassing all land plants.
This is referred to as Equisetopsida sensu lato to distinguish it from the narrower use to refer to horsetails alone, Equisetopsida sensu stricto.
They placed the lycopods into subclass Lycopodiidae and the ferns, keeping the term monilophytes, into five subclasses, Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Psilotidae, Marattiidae and Polypodiidae, by dividing Smith's Psilotopsida into its two orders and elevating them to subclass Ophioglossidae and Psilotidae.
Christenhusz and Chase developed a new classification of ferns and lycopods. They used the term Polypodiophyta for the ferns, subdivided like Smith et al.
This was a considerable reduction in the number of families from the 37 in the system of Smith et al. For instance a number of families were reduced to subfamilies.
Subsequently, a consensus group was formed, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group PPG , analogous to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , publishing their first complete classification in November They recognise ferns as a class, the Polypodiopsida, with four subclasses as described by Christenhusz and Chase, and which are phylogenetically related as in this cladogram: [2].
In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of PPG I , the Polypodiopsida consist of four subclasses, 11 orders, 48 families, genera, and an estimated 10, species.
Polypodiopsida sensu Smith et al. Fern-like taxa Wattieza first appear in the fossil record in the middle Devonian period, ca. By the Triassic , the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared.
The great fern radiation occurred in the late Cretaceous , when many modern families of ferns first appeared. Ferns are widespread in their distribution, with the greatest abundance in the tropics, and least in arctic areas.
The greatest diversity occurs in tropical rainforests. Fern species live in a wide variety of habitats , from remote mountain elevations, to dry desert rock faces, bodies of water or open fields.
Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of flowering plants.
Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the bracken fern growing in the Scottish highlands, or the mosquito fern Azolla growing in tropical lakes, both species forming large aggressively spreading colonies.
There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady forests ; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including bogs and swamps ; and tropical trees , where many species are epiphytes something like a quarter to a third of all fern species.
Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that bird's-nest ferns alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of rainforest canopy.
Many ferns depend on associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern Lygodium palmatum of eastern North America will grow only in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern Cystopteris bulbifera , with an overlapping range, is found only on limestone.
The spores are rich in lipids , protein and calories , so some vertebrates eat these. The European woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus has been found to eat the spores of Culcita macrocarpa and the bullfinch Pyrrhula murina and the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata also eat fern spores.
Ferns are vascular plants differing from lycophytes by having true leaves megaphylls , which are often pinnate. They differ from seed plants gymnosperms and angiosperms in reproducing by means of spores and they lack flowers and seeds.
Like all land plants , they have a life cycle referred to as alternation of generations , characterized by alternating diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases.
The diploid sporophyte has 2 n paired chromosomes , where n varies from species to species. The haploid gametophyte has n unpaired chromosomes, i.
The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte.
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants, but have considerable importance in some societies. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of Pteridium aquilinum bracken , Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fern , and Osmundastrum cinnamomeum cinnamon fern.
Diplazium esculentum is also used in the tropics for example in budu pakis , a traditional dish of Brunei [33] as food.
Tubers from the "para", Ptisana salicina king fern are a traditional food in New Zealand and the South Pacific. Fern tubers were used for food 30, years ago in Europe.
Ferns are generally not known to be poisonous to humans. Ferns of the genus Azolla , commonly known as water fern or mosquito ferns are very small, floating plants that do not resemble ferns.
The mosquito ferns are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to fix nitrogen from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.
Ferns have proved resistant to phytophagous insects. The gene that express the protein Tma12 in an edible fern, Tectaria macrodonta , has been transferred to cotton plants, which became resistant to whitefly infestations.
Many ferns are grown in horticulture as landscape plants, for cut foliage and as houseplants , especially the Boston fern Nephrolepis exaltata and other members of the genus Nephrolepis.
The bird's nest fern Asplenium nidus is also popular, as are the staghorn ferns genus Platycerium. Perennial also known as hardy ferns planted in gardens in the northern hemisphere also have a considerable following.
Several ferns, such as bracken [38] and Azolla [39] species are noxious weeds or invasive species. Further examples include Japanese climbing fern Lygodium japonicum , sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis and Giant water fern Salvinia molesta , one of the world's worst aquatic weeds.
Ferns have been studied and found to be useful in the removal of heavy metals, especially arsenic, from the soil. Other ferns with some economic significance include: [ citation needed ].
The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called pteridology. A pteridologist is a specialist in the study of pteridophytes in a broader sense that includes the more distantly related lycophytes.
Pteridomania is a term for the Victorian era craze of fern collecting and fern motifs in decorative art including pottery , glass , metals , textiles , wood , printed paper , and sculpture "appearing on everything from christening presents to gravestones and memorials.
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland , is a notable example of this type of nature printing.
The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. Fern bars were popular in America in the s and 80s.
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a fern flower is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life.
Similarly, Finnish tradition holds that one who finds the seed of a fern in bloom on Midsummer night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing Will o' the wisps called aarnivalkea mark the spot of hidden treasure.
These spots are protected by a spell that prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations.
Several non-fern plants and even animals are called ferns and are sometimes confused with ferns. These include:. Some flowering plants such as palms and members of the carrot family have pinnate leaves that somewhat resemble fern fronds.
However, these plants have fully developed seeds contained in fruits, rather than the microscopic spores of ferns.
Adiantum lunulatum. Unidentified tree fern in Oaxaca. Unidentified fern with spores showing in Rotorua , NZ. Fern bed under a forest canopy in woods near Franklin, Virginia.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a group of plants. For other uses, see Fern disambiguation.
For the city in Ireland, see Ferns, County Wexford. For other uses, see Ferns disambiguation. Class of vascular plants.
See also: List of fern families. Eusporangiate Ferns. Leptosporangiate Ferns. Tree Ferns. Timber Press. Basic Biology. Retrieved 6 December New Flora of the British Isles 3rd ed.
American Journal of Botany. BMC Evolutionary Biology. Bibcode : PLoSO Science AAAS. BBC Earth News. Retrieved 20 February Freedom and Liberty Foundation Press.
BNID Nature Biotechnology. CAB International. Retrieved 11 February A Natural History of Ferns. Revised: web version. Antique Collecting 28, 6, 9— Retrieved 2 October Retrieved 7 September Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs.
Books and theses [ edit ] Christenhusz, Maarten M. Plant Gateway Ltd. Linnaeus, Carl Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas.
Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. Portland, OR: Timber Press. Ranker, Tom A.
Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. Duke University. Synopsis filicum: earum genera et species systematice complectens: adjectis lycopodineis, et descriptionibus novarum et rariorum specierum: cum tabulis aeneis quinque.
Kiliae : Impensis Bibliopolii novi academici. Geologica Belgica. Bibcode : Sci Cantino, Philip D. Chase, Mark W. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
Magnolia Press. Christenhusz, Maarten J. Annals of Botany. The Botanical Review. Plant, Cell and Environment. Also, many of the species grow as epiphytes upon the trunks and branches of trees.
A number of families are almost exclusively tropical e. Most of the other families occur in both the tropics and the temperate zones.
Only certain genera are primarily temperate and Arctic e. Ferns are uncommon as invasive species outside of their native ranges, although a few occur.
The most notorious is bracken Pteridium , which spreads quickly by its underground ropelike rhizome , rapidly invading abandoned fields and pastures in both temperate and tropical regions.
One species of water spangles Salvinia auriculata became a major pest in India , blocking irrigation ditches and rice paddies. Another species S.
Some fern species have been introduced into tropical or subtropical areas e. Examples include the giant polypody Microsorum scolopendrium , climbing ferns Lygodium japonicum and L.
Two Old World species Cyclosorus dentatus and Macrothelypteris torresiana were introduced into tropical America beginning about and now are among the most common species even in some remote areas.
Because of their ability to disperse by spores and their capacity to produce both sex organs on the same gametophyte and thus to self-fertilize, it would seem logical to assume that ferns possess higher powers of long-distance dispersal and establishment than do seed plants.
Although genetic tests have shown that many, if not most, fern species tend to have an outcrossing breeding system, some other species are involved in the case of ferns with remote disjunctions—separated growing regions.
There are interisland and intercontinental disjunctions, east and west, as well as wide north-south disjunctions including species found in the Northern and Southern hemispheres that skip the tropics.
Some disjunctions seem to follow the pattern of prevailing winds; the main centre of distribution of a species often may lead to downwind groups consisting of one or a few small populations sometimes hundreds or thousands of kilometres away.
Some disjunct patterns, such as similar plants growing in Asia and in eastern North America, are not the result of long-range dispersal but rather are the remnants of an ancient continuous flora, the intervening areas having been changed over time.
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The Greenhouse Area open to the public covers about sq m Ferns is Black Shades into four houses. Nach Oben. Common plants. River Park: www. Deutsch Wörterbücher. In Ihrem Browser ist Javascript deaktiviert. Englisch Wörterbücher. The third layer, the shrub layer, extends up to a height of approx. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut. Russisch Wörterbücher. Ferns: Adiantum spec. Kolumbien - Asplenium spec. Malaysia - Arnemia spec. - Adiantum spec. Peru - Asplenium nidus - Actiniopteris australis. Das Bistum Ferns (lateinisch Dioecesis Fernensis, irisch Deoise Fhearna, englisch Diocese of Ferns) ist ein Bistum der Römisch-katholischen Kirche in Irland. - Entdecke die Pinnwand „♔ Ferns“ von Anita Rendon V. Dieser Pinnwand folgen Nutzer auf Pinterest. Weitere Ideen zu Farn, Pflanzen. Abbrechen Absenden. Wählen Sie ein Wörterbuch aus. The canyon penetrates up to the Waterloo Film of the village of Fondo. Its objective is to Ferns whether fungal and fern spores Slender Man 2019 Stream survive the harsh environmental conditions in space during a long-term stay. Here, on the village square, usually start the sightseeing tours accompanying visitors along a narrow path to the discovery of a world made of rocks and water, mosses and ferns ,as well as rare red and green algae. Ferns -
Latein Wörterbücher. From the Cambridge English Corpus. November 02, Eusporangiate Ferns Leptosporangiate Ferns. Also, many of the species grow as epiphytes upon the trunks and branches of trees. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern Lygodium palmatum of eastern North Ferns will grow only in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern Cystopteris bulbiferawith an overlapping range, is found Criminal Film 2019 on limestone. Retrieved 22 November Cold Skin Stream In most ferns, fertile leaves are morphologically very similar to the sterile ones, Serienguide they photosynthesize in the same way. Polypodiophyta Assasins Creed Syndicate - ferns.Ferns Size range and habitat Video
Brad Pitt: Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis
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Arashizahn · 14.04.2020 um 23:19
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